第8巻 第20章

Greek Κατὰ δὲ τὸν χρόνον τοῦτον τῷ τε Οὐάρνων ἔθνει καὶ στρατιώταις νησιώταις οἳ δὴ ἐν νήσῳ τῇ Βριττίᾳ καλουμένῃ ᾤκηνται, πόλεμος καὶ μάχη ἐγένετο ἐξ αἰτίας τοιᾶσδε.

Dewing At about this time war and fighting sprang up between the nation of the Varni and soldiers who live on the island called Brittia;⁠ and it came about from the following cause.

Greek Οὔαρνοι μὲν ὑπὲρ Ἴστρον ποταμὸν ἵδρυνται, διήκουσι δὲ ἄχρι ἐς Ὠκεανὸν τὸν ἀρκτῷον καὶ ποταμὸν Ῥῆνον, ὅσπερ αὐτούς τε διορίζει καὶ Φράγγους καὶ τὰ ἄλλα ἔθνη ἃ ταύτῃ ἵδρυνται.

Dewing The Varni dwell beyond the Ister River, and extend as far as the northern ocean along the river Rhine, which separates them from the Franks and the other nations who dwell in that region.

Greek οὗτοι ἅπαντες, ὅσοι τὸ παλαιὸν ἀμφὶ Ῥῆνον ἑκατέρωθεν ποταμὸν ᾤκηντο, ἰδίου μέν τινος ὀνόματος ἕκαστοι μετελάγχανον, ἐπὶ κοινῆς δὲ Γερμανοὶ ἐκαλοῦντο ἅπαντες.

Dewing Now among all these nations which in ancient times dwelt on both sides of the Rhine river each people had its own particular name, but the whole group was called in common Germans.

Greek Βριττία δὲ ἡ νῆσος ἐπὶ τούτου μὲν Ὠκεανοῦ κεῖται, τῆς ἠϊόνος οὐ πολλῷ ἄποθεν, ἀλλ’ ὅσον ἀπὸ σταδίων διακοσίων καταντικρὺ τῶν τοῦ Ῥήνου ἐκβολῶν μάλιστα, Βρεττανίας δὲ καὶ Θούλης τῆς νήσου μεταξύ ἐστιν.

Dewing The island of Brittia lies in this part of the ocean not far from the coast, being about two hundred stades off and approximately opposite the mouth of the Rhine, and between the islands of Britain and Thule.

Greek ἐπεὶ Βρεττανία μὲν πρὸς δύοντά που κεῖται ἥλιον κατὰ τῆς Ἱσπανῶν τὰ ἔσχατα χώρας, ἀμφὶ σταδίους οὐχ ἧσσον ἢ ἐς τετρακισχιλίους τῆς ἠπείρου διέχουσα, Βριττία δὲ ἐς τῆς Γαλλίας τὰ ὄπισθεν, ἃ δὴ πρὸς Ὠκεανὸν τετραμμένα, Ἱσπανίας δηλονότι καὶ Βρεττανίας πρὸς βορρᾶν ἄνεμον.

Dewing For while Britain lies to the west about in line with the extreme end of Spain,⁠ separated from the continent by a distance which at the least is about four hundred stades, Brittia is towards the rear of Gaul, that side namely which faces the ocean, being, that is, to the north of both Spain and Britain.

Greek Θούλη δέ, ὅσα γε ἀνθρώπους εἰδέναι, ἐς Ὠκεανοῦ τοῦ πρὸς τῇ ἄρκτῳ τὰ ἔσχατα κεῖται. ἀλλὰ τὰ μὲν ἀμφὶ Βρεττανίᾳ καὶ Θούλῃ ἐν τοῖς ἔμπροσθέν μοι λόγοις ἐρρήθη· Βριττίαν δὲ τὴν νῆσον ἔθνη τρία πολυανθρωπότατα ἔχουσι, βασιλεύς τε εἷς αὐτῶν ἑκάστῳ ἐφέστηκε.

Dewing And Thule, as far as men know at any rate, is situated towards the extremity of the northern ocean. But the description of Britain and of Thule have been set down by me in the preceding narrative.⁠ The island of Brittia is inhabited by three very numerous nations, each having one king over it.

Greek καὶ ὀνόματα κεῖται τοῖς ἔθνεσι τούτοις Ἀγγίλοι τε καὶ Φρίσσονες καὶ οἱ τῇ νήσῳ ὁμώνυμοι Βρίττωνες.

Dewing And the names of these nations are Angili, Frissones, and Brittones, the last being named from the island itself.

Greek τοσαύτη δὲ ἡ τῶνδε τῶν ἐθνῶν πολυανθρωπία φαίνεται οὖσα, ὥστε ἀνὰ πᾶν ἔτος κατὰ πολλοὺς ἐνθένδε μετανιστάμενοι ξὺν γυναιξὶ καὶ παισὶν ἐς Φράγγους χωροῦσιν.

Dewing And so great appears to be the population of these nations that every year they emigrate thence in large companies with their women and children and go to the land of the Franks.

Greek οἱ δὲ αὐτοὺς ἐνοικίζουσιν ἐς γῆς τῆς σφετέρας τὴν ἐρημοτέραν δοκοῦσαν εἶναι, καὶ ἀπ’ αὐτοῦ τὴν νῆσον προσποιεῖσθαί φασιν.

Dewing And the Franks allow them to settle in the part of their land which appears to be more deserted, and by this means they say they are winning over the island.

Greek ὥστε ἀμέλει οὐ πολλῷ πρότερον ὁ Φράγγων βασιλεὺς ἐπὶ πρεσβείᾳ τῶν οἱ ἐπιτηδείων τινὰς παρὰ βασιλέα Ἰουστινιανὸν ἐς Βυζάντιον στείλας ἄνδρας αὐτοῖς ἐκ τῶν Ἀγγίλων ξυνέπεμψε, φιλοτιμούμενος ὡς καὶ ἡ νῆσος ἥδε πρὸς αὐτοῦ ἄρχεται. τὰ μὲν οὖν κατὰ τὴν Βριττίαν καλουμένην νῆσον τοιαῦτά ἐστι.

Dewing Thus it actually happened that not long ago the king of the Franks, in sending some of his intimates on an embassy to the Emperor Justinian in Byzantium, sent with them some of the Angili, thus seeking to establish his claim that this island was ruled by him. Such then are the facts relating to the island that is called Brittia.

Greek Τῶν δὲ Οὐάρνων ἀνήρ τις οὐ πολλῷ πρότερον, Ἑρμεγίσκλος ὄνομα, ἦρχεν. ὅσπερ τὴν βασιλείαν κρατύνασθαι διὰ σπουδῆς ἔχων, τὴν Θευδιβέρτου ἀδελφὴν τοῦ Φράγγων ἄρχοντος γυναῖκα γαμετὴν ἐποιήσατο.

Dewing The Varni, not long ago, were ruled by a man named Hermegisclus. He, being eager to strengthen his kingdom, had made the sister of Theudebert, ruler of the Franks, his wedded wife.

Greek τετελευτήκει γὰρ αὐτῷ ἔναγχος ἡ πρότερον ξυνοικοῦσα γυνή, παιδὸς ἑνὸς γενομένη μήτηρ ὃν καὶ ἀπέλιπε τῷ πατρὶ Ῥάδιγιν ὄνομα, ᾦ δὴ ὁ πατὴρ παρθένου κόρης, γένους Βριττίας, ἐμνήστευσε γάμον, ἧσπερ ἀδελφὸς βασιλεὺς ἦν τότε Ἀγγίλων τοῦ ἔθνους, χρήματα μεγάλα τῷ τῆς μνηστείας αὐτῇ δεδωκὼς λόγῳ.

Dewing For his previous wife had died recently, having been the mother of one child, Radigis by name, whom she left to his father; and he sought a marriage for this child with a maiden born in Brittia, whose brother was then king of the nation of the Angili, and had given her a large sum of money because of his wooing.

Greek οὗτος ἀνὴρ ξὺν Οὐάρνων τοῖς λογιμωτάτοις ἐν χωρίῳ τῳ ἱππευόμενος ὄρνιν τινὰ ἐπὶ δένδρου τε καθήμενον εἶδε καὶ πολλὰ κρώζοντα.

Dewing Now this man,⁠ while riding with the most notable of the Varni in a certain place, saw a bird sitting in a tree and croaking loudly.

Greek εἴτε δὲ τοῦ ὄρνιθος τῆς φωνῆς ξυνεὶς εἴτε ἄλλο μέν τι ἐξεπιστάμενος, ξυνεῖναι δὲ τοῦ ὄρνιθος μαντευομένου τερατευσάμενος, τοῖς παροῦσιν εὐθὺς ἔφασκεν ὡς τεθνήξεται τεσσαράκοντα ἡμέραις ὕστερον.

Dewing And whether he really comprehended the bird's voice, or, possessing some other knowledge, simply made a mysterious pretence of comprehending the bird's prophecy, he at any rate immediately told those with him that he would die forty days later.

Greek τοῦτο γὰρ αὐτῷ τὴν τοῦ ὄρνιθος δηλοῦν πρόρρησιν. “Ἐγὼ μὲν οὖν προορώμενοσ” ἔφη “ὅπως δὴ ὡς ἀσφαλέστατα ξὺν τῇ ἀπραγμοσύνῃ βιώσεσθε, τοῖς τε Φράγγοις ἐς κῆδος συνῆλθον, γυναῖκα ἐνθένδε τὴν ἐμοὶ ξυνοικοῦσαν ἐπαγαγόμενος, καὶ τῷ παιδὶ τῷ ʼμῷ περιβέβλημαι τὴν Βριττίαν μνηστήν.

Dewing For this, he said, was revealed to him by the pronouncement of the bird. "Now I," he said, "making provision that you should live most securely and at your ease, have related myself with the Franks by taking from their country the wife who is now my consort, and I have bestowed Brittia upon my son by betrothal.

Greek ἀλλὰ νῦν, ἐπεὶ ἐγὼ μὲν τεθνήξεσθαι ὑποτοπάζω αὐτίκα δὴ μάλα, εἰμὶ δὲ ἄπαις ἄρσενός τε καὶ θήλεος γόνου, ὅσα γε τὰ γυναικὸς τῆσδε, πρὸς δὲ καὶ ὁ παῖς ἀνυμέναιός τε καὶ ἄνυμφος ἔτι νῦν ἐστί, φέρε ὑμῖν ἐπικοινώσομαι τὴν ἐμὴν διάνοιαν, καὶ εἴ τι ὑμῖν οὐκ ἀσύμφορον δόξειεν εἶναι, ὑμεῖς δὲ αὐτήν, ἐπειδὰν ἀφίκωμαι τάχιστα ἐς τὸ μέτρον τοῦ βίου, τύχῃ ἀγαθῇ κατακυροῦντες διαπεραίνετε.

Dewing But now, since I expect to die very shortly, and, as far as this wife is concerned, I am without issue male or female, and my son furthermore is still unwed and without his bride, come now, let me communicate my thought to you, and, if it should seem to you not without some profit, do you, as soon as I reach the term of my life, put upon it the seal of your approval and execute it.

Greek οἶμαι τοίνυν Οὐάρνοις ξυνοίσειν τὴν κηδείαν ἐς Φράγγους μᾶλλον ἢ ἐς τοὺς νησιώτας ποιεῖσθαι.

Dewing I think, then, that it will be more to the advantage of the Varni to make the alliance by marriage with the Franks than with the islanders.

Greek Βρίττιοι μὲν γὰρ οὐδὲ ὅσον ἐπιμίγνυσθαι ὑμῖν οἷοί τέ εἰσιν, ὅτι μὴ ὀψέ τε καὶ μόλις· Οὔαρνοι δὲ καὶ Φράγγοι τουτὶ μόνον τοῦ Ῥήνου τὸ ὕδωρ μεταξὺ ἔχουσιν, ὥστε αὐτοὺς ἐν γειτόνων μὲν ὡς πλησιαίτατα ὄντας ὑμῖν, ἐς δυνάμεως δὲ κεχωρηκότας μέγα τι χρῆμα, ἐν προχείρῳ ἔχειν εὖ ποιεῖν τε ὑμᾶς καὶ λυμαίνεσθαι, ἡνίκα ἂν αὐτοῖς βουλομένοις εἴη·

Dewing For the men of Brittia, on the one hand, are not even able to join forces with you except after a long and difficult journey, while the Varni and the Franks, on the other hand, have only yonder water of the Rhine between them, so that they, being very close neighbours to you, and having achieved an enormous power, have the means ready at hand both to help you and to harm you whenever they wish;

Greek λυμανοῦνται δὲ πάντως. ἢν μὴ τὸ κῆδος αὐτοῖς ἐμπόδιον ἔσται. βαρεῖα γὰρ φύσει τοῖς ἀνθρώποις ὑπερβάλλουσα αὐτοὺς τῶν πλησιοχώρων δύναμις γίνεται καὶ πρὸς ἀδικίαν ἑτοιμοτάτη, ἐπεὶ γείτονι δυνατῷ ῥᾴδιον ἐπὶ τοὺς πέλας οὐδὲν ἀδικοῦντας ἐκπορίζεσθαι πολέμου αἰτίας.

Dewing and they will undoubtedly harm you if the said marriage alliance shall not prevent them. For men naturally find a neighbouring state's power, when it surpasses their own, grievous and a most ready cause of injustice, for a powerful neighbour may with comparative ease secure causes of war against his neighbours who are doing no wrong.

Greek ὅτε τοίνυν ταῦτα οὕτως ἔχει, παρείσθω μὲν ὑμῖν τοῦ παιδὸς τοῦδε νησιῶτις μνηστή, χρήματα πάντα ὅσα παρ’ ἡμῶν κεκομισμένη τούτου δὴ ἕνεκα ἔτυχε τῆς ὕβρεως ἀπενεγκαμένη μισθόν, ᾗ νόμος ἀνθρώπων ὁ κοινὸς βούλεται· Ῥάδιγις δὲ ὁ παῖς ξυνοικιζέσθω τῇ μητρυιᾷ τὸ λοιπὸν τῇ αὑτοῦ, καθάπερ ὁ πάτριος ἡμῖν ἐφίησι νόμος.”

Dewing Since, then, the facts are these, let the island girl who has been wooed for this boy⁠ be given up by you, and all the money which she has received from us for this purpose,⁠ let her retain as remuneration for the indignity, as the common law of mankind has it; but let my son Radigis be married to his own stepmother thenceforth, just as our ancestral law permits us."

Greek Ὁ μὲν ταῦτα εἰπὼν τῇ τεσσαρακοστῇ ἀπὸ τῆς προρρήσεως ἡμέρᾳ νοσήσας τὴν πεπρωμένην ἀνέπλησεν. ὁ δὲ τοῦ Ἑρμεγίσκλου υἱός, Οὐάρνων τὴν βασιλείαν παραλαβών, γνώμῃ τῶν ἐν βαρβάροις τοῖσδε λογίμων ἀνδρῶν ἐπιτελῆ ἐποίει τὴν τοῦ τετελευτηκότος βουλὴν καὶ τὸν γάμον αὐτίκα τῇ μνηστῇ ἀπειπὼν τῇ μητρυιᾷ ξυνοικίζεται.

Dewing So he spoke, and on the fortieth day from the pronouncement he fell sick and fulfilled his destiny. Then the son of Hermegisclus, after taking over the kingdom of the Varni, by the will of the notable men among these barbarians, carried out the counsel of the dead king, and straightway renouncing his marriage with his betrothed, became wedded to his stepmother.

Greek ἐπειδὴ δὲ ταῦτα ἡ τοῦ Ῥαδίγιδος μνηστὴ ἔμαθεν, οὐκ ἐνεγκοῦσα τὴν τοῦ πράγματος συμφοράν, τίσασθαι αὐτὸν τῆς εἰς αὐτὴν ὕβρεως ὥρμητο.

Dewing But when the betrothed of Radigis learned this, she could not bear the indignity of her position and undertook to secure revenge upon him for his insult to her.

Greek τίμιον γὰρ οὕτω τοῖς ἐκείνῃ βαρβάροις σωφροσύνη νομίζεται εἶναι, ὥστε δὴ μόνου παρ’ αὐτοῖς ξυντετυχηκότος ὀνόματος γάμου, μὴ ἐπιγενομένου τοῦ ἔργου, δοκεῖ πεπορνεῦσθαι γυνή.

Dewing For so high is virtue regarded among those barbarians, that when merely the name of marriage has been mentioned among them, though the fact has not been accomplished, the woman is considered to have lost her maidenhood.

Greek τὰ μὲν οὖν πρῶτα πέμψασα πρὸς αὐτὸν ἐπὶ πρεσβεία τῶν οἱ ἐπιτηδείων τινὰς ἀνεπυνθάνετο ὅτου δὴ ὑβρίσειεν ἐς αὐτὴν ἕνεκα, οὔτε πεπορνευμένην οὔτε τι ἄλλο εἰργασμένην εἰς αὐτὸν ἄχαρι.

Dewing First, then, she sent an embassy to him of some of her kinsmen and inquired for what reason he had insulted her, though she had neither been unfaithful nor done him any other wrong.

Greek ἐπεὶ δὲ ἀνύτειν οὐδὲν ταύτῃ ἐδύνατο, τὸ ἀρρενωπὸν ἀνελομένη ἐπὶ πολέμια ἔργα ἐχώρει.

Dewing But since she was unable to accomplish anything by this means, she took up the duties of a man and proceeded to deeds of war.

Greek Ναῦς οὖν αὐτίκα τετρακοσίας ἀγείρασα στράτευμά τε αὐταῖς ἐνθεμένη οὐχ ἧσσον ἢ μυριάδων δέκα μαχίμων ἀνδρῶν, αὐτὴ ἐξηγεῖτο ἐπὶ τοὺς Οὐάρνους τῇ στρατιᾷ ταύτῃ.

Dewing She accordingly collected four hundred ships immediately and put on board them an army of not fewer than one hundred thousand fighting men, and she in person led forth this expedition against the Varni.

Greek ἐπήγετο δὲ καὶ τῶν ἀδελφῶν τῶν ἑαυτῆς ἕνα, ξυνδιοικησόμενον αὐτῇ τὰ παρόντα, οὐχ ὡς μέντοι τὴν βασιλείαν ἔχειν, ἀλλ’ ἔτι ἐν ἰδιώτου τελοῦντα μοίρᾳ.

Dewing And she also took with her one of her brothers who was to assist her in settling the situation, not that he was holding the kingship, for he was still living in the position of a private citizen.

Greek ἄλκιμοι δέ εἰσι πάντων μάλιστα βαρβάρων ὧν ἡμεῖς ἴσμεν οἱ νησιῶται οὗτοι, ἔς τε τὰς ξυμβολὰς πεζοὶ ἴασιν.

Dewing Now these islanders are valiant beyond any of the barbarians we know, and they enter battle on foot.

Greek οὐ γὰρ ὅσον εἰσὶ τοῦ ἱππεύεσθαι ἀμελέτητοι, ἀλλ’ οὐδὲ ἵππον ὅ τι ποτέ ἐστιν ἐπίστασθαι σφίσι ξυμβαίνει, ἐπεὶ ἵππον ἐν ταύτῃ τῇ νήσῳ οὐδὲ ὅσα κατ’ εἰκόνα θεῶνται· οὐ γάρ ποτε τὸ ζῷον τοῦτο ἔν γε Βριττίᾳ γεγονὸς φαίνεται.

Dewing And this is not merely because they are unpractised in horseman­ship, but the fact is that they do not even know what a horse is, since they never see so much as a picture of a horse on that island; for it is clear that this animal has in no time lived in Brittia.

Greek εἰ δέ ποτε αὐτῶν τισὶν ἐπὶ πρεσβείᾳ ἢ ἄλλου του ἕνεκα Ῥωμαίοις ἢ Φράγγοις ἢ ἄλλῳ τῳ ἵππους ἔχοντι ἐπιχωριάσασθαι ξυμβαίη, ἐνταῦθά τε ἵπποις ὀχεῖσθαι αὐτοῖς ἐπάναγκες εἴη, ἀναθρώσκειν μὲν ἐπ’ αὐτοὺς οὐδεμιᾷ μηχανῇ ἔχουσιν, ἕτεροι δὲ αὐτοὺς μετεωρίζοντες ἄνθρωποι ἐπὶ τοὺς ἵππους ἀναβιβάζουσιν, ἀπαλλάσσεσθαί τε βουλομένους ἐνθένδε αὖθις αἴροντες ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς κατατίθενται.

Dewing And whenever it happens that some of them on an embassy or some other mission make a visit among the Romans or the Franks or any other nation which has horses, and they are there constrained to ride on horseback, they are altogether unable to leap upon their backs, but other men lift them in the air and thus mount them on the horses, and when they wish to get off, they are again lifted and placed on the ground.

Greek οὐ μὴν οὐδὲ Οὔαρνοι ἱππόται εἰσίν, ἀλλὰ πεζοὶ καὶ αὐτοὶ ἅπαντες. οὗτοι μὲν οὖν οἱ βάρβαροι τοιοίδε εἰσί. περίνεως δὲ οὐκ ἦν ἐν τούτῳ τῷ στόλῳ, ἀλλ’ αὐτερέται πάντες. οὐδὲ ἱστία τούτοις δὴ τοῖς νησιώταις τυγχάνει ὄντα, ἀλλ’ ἐρέσσοντες ἀεὶ ναυτίλλονται μόνον.

Dewing Nor, in fact, are the Varni horseman either, but they too all march on foot. Such, then, are these barbarians. And there were no supernumeraries in this fleet, for all the men rowed with their own hands. Nor do these islanders have sails, as it happens, but they always navigate by rowing alone.

Greek Ἐπειδὴ δὲ κατέπλευσαν εἰς τὴν ἤπειρον, παρθένος μὲν ἥπερ αὐτῶν ἦρχε, χαράκωμα ἐχυρὸν πηξαμένη παρ’ αὐτὴν μάλιστα τὴν ἐκβολὴν ποταμοῦ Ῥήνου, ξὺν ὀλίγοις τισὶν αὐτοῦ ἔμενε, παντὶ δὲ τῷ ἄλλῳ στρατῷ τὸν ἀδελφὸν ἐπὶ τοὺς πολεμίους ἐξηγεῖσθαι κελεύει.

Dewing When they came to land on the continent, the maiden who commanded them, having established a strong stockade close by the mouth of the Rhine River, remained there with a small number, but commanded her brother to lead forward all the rest of the army against the enemy.

Greek ἐστρατοπεδεύοντο δὲ Οὔαρνοι τότε τῆς τε Ὠκεανοῦ ἠϊόνος καὶ Ῥήνου ἐκβολῆς οὐ πολλῷ ἄποθεν. οὗ δὴ ἀφικομένων κατὰ τάχος Ἀγγίλων ξυνέμιξαν μὲν ἀμφότεροι ἐς χεῖρας ἀλλήλοις, ἡσσῶνται δὲ κατὰ κράτος Οὔαρνοι.

Dewing Now the Varni at that time were encamped not far from the shore of the ocean and the mouth of the Rhine. So when the Angili reached that place, marching swiftly, the two armies engaged in combat with one another, and the Varni were defeated decisively.

Greek καὶ αὐτῶν πίπτουσι μὲν πολλοὶ ἐν τούτῳ τῷ πόνῳ, οἱ λοιποὶ δὲ ξὺν τῷ βασιλεῖ ἐς ὑπαγωγὴν τρέπονται ἅπαντες, οἵ τε Ἀγγίλοι τὴν δίωξιν ἐπ’ αὐτοὺς δι’ ὀλίγου πεποιημένοι, ᾗ θέμις πεζοῖς, ἐς τὸ στρατόπεδον ἀπεχώρησαν.

Dewing And many of them fell in this struggle, while the entire number of those remaining, together with the king, turned to retreat, and the Angili, after keeping up the pursuit for only a short distance, as is customary for infantry, retired to their camp.

Greek οὕσπερ ἐκάκιζεν ἐπανήκοντας ἐς αὐτὴν ἡ παρθένος, τῷ τε ἀδελφῷ ἐλοιδορεῖτο πικρότατα, οὐδὲν τῇ στρατιᾷ λόγου ἄξιον ἰσχυριζομένη πεπρᾶχθαι, ἐπεὶ μὴ ἀγάγοιεν αὐτῇ ζῶντα Ῥάδιγιν.

Dewing But the maiden rebuked them when they returned to her and inveighed most vehemently against her brother, declaring that nothing worthy of mention had been achieved by the army, because they had not brought her Radigis alive.

Greek Καὶ αὐτῶν ἀπολεξαμένη τοὺς μάλιστα μαχιμωτάτους εὐθὺς ἔστειλεν, ἀπαγγείλασα δορυάλωτον ἀγαγεῖν τὸν ἄνδρα μηχανῇ πάσῃ.

Dewing She then selected the most warlike men among them and sent them off straightway, instructing them to bring the man captive without fail.

Greek οἱ δὲ τὴν αὐτῆς ἐπιτελοῦντες ἐπίταξιν περιήρχοντο διερευνώμενοι ξύμπαντα ἐς τὸ ἀκριβὲς τὰ ἐκείνῃ χωρία, ἕως ἐν ὕλῃ ἀμφιλαφεῖ κρυπτόμενον Ῥάδιγιν εὗρον· δήσαντές τε αὐτὸν τῇ παιδὶ ἀπεκόμισαν.

Dewing Then, by way of carrying out her mission, these men went about searching that whole country thoroughly, until they found Radigis hiding in a dense wood; then they bound him and took him back to the girl.

Greek καὶ ὁ μὲν αὐτῆς ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς εἱστήκει, τρέμων τε καὶ τεθνήξεσθαι αὐτίκα δὴ μάλα ὑποτοπάζων θανάτῳ οἰκτίστῳ· ἡ δὲ αὐτὸν ἐκ τοῦ παραδόξου οὔτε ἀπέκτεινεν οὔτε τι ἄλλο ἄχαρι ἔδρασεν, ἀλλὰ ὀνειδίσασα τὴν ἐς αὐτὴν ὕβριν ἀνεπυνθάνετο τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ὅτου δὴ ἕνεκα ἠλογηκὼς τὰ ξυγκείμενα ἑτέρᾳ γυναικὶ ἐς εὐνὴν ξυνέλθοι, καὶ ταῦτα οὐ πεπορνευμένης αὐτῷ τῆς μνηστῆς.

Dewing So he stood before her eyes trembling and expecting to die instantly by the most cruel death; she, however, contrary to his expectations, neither killed him nor inflicted any other harm upon him, but by way of reproaching him for his insult to her, enquired of the fellow why in the world he had made light of the agreement and allied himself to another woman, and that too though his betrothed had not been unfaithful.

Greek καὶ ὃς τὴν αἰτίαν ἀπολογούμενος τὰς τοῦ πατρὸς ἐντολὰς καὶ τὴν τῶν ἀρχομένων σπουδὴν προὔφερεν, ἱκεσίους τε προὐτείνετο λόγους καὶ λιταῖς ἀνέμισγε τὴν ἀπολογίαν πολλαῖς, ἐς τὴν ἀνάγκην ἀναφέρων τὸ ἔγκλημα.

Dewing And he, seeking to defend himself against the charge, brought forward the commands of his father and the zeal of his subjects, and he uttered words of supplication and mingled many prayers with his defence, excusing his action by the stress of necessity.

Greek βουλομένῃ τε αὐτῇ ξυνοικισθήσεσθαι ὡμολόγει καὶ τὰ οὐκ ἐν δίκῃ τὸ πρότερόν οἱ αὐτῷ πεπραγμένα τοῖς ἐπιγενησομένοις ἰάσεσθαι.

Dewing And if it was her will that they should be married he promised that what he had done unjustly in the past would be repaired by his subsequent conduct.

Greek ἐπεὶ δὲ τὴν παῖδα ταῦτα ἤρεσκε, τῶν τε δεσμῶν ἀφεῖτο Ῥάδιγις τῆς τε ἄλλης φιλοφροσύνης ἠξίωτο, ἀποπέμπεται μὲν τὴν Θευδιβέρτου εὐθὺς ἀδελφήν, τὴν δὲ Βριττίαν ἐγήματο. ταῦτα μὲν τῇδε κεχώρηκεν.

Dewing Now when this was approved by the girl, and Radigis had been released from his bonds and received kind treatment in all other matters, he straightway dismissed the sister of Theudebert and wedded the girl from Brittia. Thus did these events take place.

Greek Ἐν ταύτῃ δὲ τῇ Βριττίᾳ νήσῳ τεῖχος ἐδείμαντο μακρὸν οἱ πάλαι ἄνθρωποι, δίχα τέμνον αὐτῆς πολλήν τινα μοῖραν· τοῦ δὲ τείχους ὅ τε ἀὴρ καὶ ἡ γῆ καὶ τὰ ἄλλα πάντα οὐχ ὁμοίως ἐφ’ ἑκάτερά ἐστι.

Dewing Now in this island of Brittia the men of ancient times built a long wall, cutting off a large part of it; and the climate and the soil and everything else is not alike on the two sides of it.

Greek τὰ μὲν γὰρ τοῦ τείχους πρὸς ἀνίσχοντα ἥλιον εὐεξία τε ἀέρων ἐστὶ συμμεταβαλλομένη ταῖς ὥραις, θέρους μὲν μετρίως ἀλεεινή, ψυχεινὴ δὲ χειμῶνος·

Dewing For to the east of the wall there is a salubrious air, changing with the seasons, being moderately warm in summer and cool in winter.

Greek καὶ ἄνθρωποι μὲν πολλοὶ ᾤκηνται κατὰ ταὐτὰ βιοτεύοντες τοῖς ἄλλοις ἀνθρώποις, τά τε δένδρα καρποῖς ʽἐν ἐπιτηδείῳ γινομένοις ὡραίοισ̓ ἀνθεῖ, τά τε λήϊα τῶν ἄλλων οὐδὲν καταδεέστερον τέθηλεν·

Dewing And many people dwell there, living in the same fashion as other men, and the trees abound with fruits which ripen at the fitting season, and the corn-lands flourish as abundantly as any;

Greek ἀλλὰ καὶ ὕδασιν ἡ χώρα ἐναβρυνομένη διαρκῶς φαίνεται. πρὸς δύοντα δὲ πᾶν τοὐναντίον, ὥστε ἀμέλει ἀνθρώπῳ μὲν οὐδὲ ἡμιώριον δυνατόν ἐστιν ἐνταῦθα βιῶναι, ἔχις δὲ καὶ ὄφεις ἀνάριθμοι καὶ ἄλλων θηρίων παντοδαπὰ γένη διακεκλήρωται τὸν χῶρον ἐκεῖνον.

Dewing furthermore, the land seems to display a genuine pride in an abundance of springs of water. But on the west side everything is the reverse of this, so that it is actually impossible for a man to survive there even a half-hour, but countless snakes and serpents and every other kind of wild creature occupy this area as their own.

Greek καί, τὸ δὴ παραλογώτατον, οἱ ἐπιχώριοι λέγουσιν ὡς, εἴ τις ἄνθρωπος τὸ τεῖχος ἀμείψας ἐπὶ θάτερα ἴοι, εὐθυωρὸν θνήσκει, τὸ λοιμῶδες τῶν ἐκείνῃ ἀέρων ὡς ἥκιστα φέρων, τοῖς τε θηρίοις ἐνθαδε ἰοῦσιν ὁ θάνατος εὐθὺς ὑπαντιάζων ἐκδέχεται.

Dewing And, strangest of all, the inhabitants say that if any man crosses this wall and goes to the other side, he dies straightway, being quite unable to support the pestilential air of that region, and wild animals, likewise, which go there are instantly met and taken by death.

Greek Ἐνταῦθα δέ μοι γενομένῳ τῆς ἱστορίας ἐπάναγκές ἐστι λόγου μυθολογία ἐμφερεστάτου ἐπιμνησθῆναι, ὃς δή μοι οὔτε πιστὸς τὸ παράπαν ἔδοξεν εἶναι, καίπερ ἀεὶ πρὸς ἀνδρῶν ἐκφερόμενος ἀναρίθμων οἳ δὴ τῶν μὲν πρασσομένων αὐτουργοί, τῶν δὲ λόγων αὐτήκοοι ἰσχυρίζοντο γεγονέναι, οὔτε παριτέος παντάπασιν, ὡς μὴ τά γε ἀμφὶ Βριττίᾳ τῇ νήσῳ ἀναγραφόμενος ἀγνοίας τινὸς τῶν τῇδε ξυμβαινόντων διηνεκῶς ἀπενέγκωμαι δόξαν.

Dewing Since I have reached this point in the history, it is necessary for me to record a story which bears a very close resemblance to mythology, a story which did not indeed seem to me at all trustworthy, although it was constantly being published by countless persons who maintained that they had done the thing with their own hands and had heard the words with their own ears, and yet it cannot be altogether passed over lest, in writing an account of the island of Brittia, I gain a lasting reputation for ignorance of what takes place there.

Greek Λέγουσιν οὖν τὰς τῶν ἀποβιούντων ἀνθρώπων ψυχὰς ἐς τοῦτο ἀεὶ διακομίζεσθαι τὸ χωρίον. ὅντινα δὲ τρόπον, αὐτίκα δηλώσω, σπουδαιότατα μὲν ἀπαγγελλόντων ἀκηκοὼς πολλάκις τῶν τῇδε ἀνθρώπων, ἐς ὀνείρων δέ τινα δύναμιν ἀποκεκρίσθαι νενομικὼς τὰ θρυλλούμενα.

Dewing They say, then, that the souls of men who die are always conveyed to this place. And as to the manner in which this is done, I shall presently explain, having many a time heard the people there most earnestly describe it, though I have come to the conclusion that the tales they tell are to be attributed to some power of dreams.

Greek παρὰ τὴν ἀκτὴν τοῦ κατὰ τὴν Βριττίαν Ὠκεανοῦ νῆσον κώμας παμπληθεῖς ξυμβαίνει εἶναι. οἰκοῦσι δὲ αὐτὰς ἄνθρωποι σαγηνεύοντές τε καὶ γῆν γεωργοῦντες καὶ ἐπ’ ἐμπορίαν ναυτιλλόμενοι ἐς τήνδε τὴν νῆσον, τὰ μὲν ἄλλα Φράγγων κατήκοοι ὄντες, φόρου μέντοι ἀπαγωγὴν οὐπώποτε παρασχόμενοι, ὑφειμένου αὐτοῖς ἐκ παλαιοῦ τοῦδε τοῦ ἄχθους, ὑπουργίας τινός, ὥς φασιν, ἕνεκα, ἥ μοι ἐν τῷ παρόντι λελέξεται.

Dewing Along the coast of the ocean which lies opposite the island of Brittia there are numerous villages. These are inhabited by men who fish with nets or till the soil or carry on a sea‑trade with this island, being in other respects subject to the Franks, but never making them any payment of tribute, that burden having been remitted to them from ancient times on account, as they say, of a certain service, which will here be described by me.

Greek Λέγουσιν οἱ ταύτῃ ἄνθρωποι ἐκ περιτροπῆς ἐπικεῖσθαι τὰς τῶν ψυχῶν παραπομπὰς σφίσιν. ὅσοις οὖν τῇ ἐπιγενησομένῃ νυκτὶ ἐς τὸ ἐπιτήδευμα τοῦτο τῇ τῆς ὑπουργίας διαδοχῇ ἰτέον ἐστίν, οὗτοι δή, ἐπειδὰν τάχιστα ξυσκοτάζῃ, ἐς τὰς οἰκίας τὰς αὑτῶν ἀναχωροῦντες καθεύδουσι, προσδεχόμενοι τὸν συναγωγέα τοῦ πράγματος.

Dewing The men of this place say that the conduct of souls is laid upon them in turn. So the men who on the following night must go to do this work relieving others in the service, as soon as darkness comes on, retire to their own houses and sleep, awaiting him who is to assemble them for the enterprise.

Greek ἀωρὶ δὲ τῶν νυκτῶν τῶν μὲν θυρῶν σφίσιν ἀρασσομένων αἰσθάνονται, φωνῆς δέ τινος ἀφανοῦς ἐπαΐουσιν ἐπὶ τὸ ἔργον αὐτοὺς ξυγκαλούσης.

Dewing And at a late hour of the night they are conscious of a knocking at their doors and hear an indistinct voice calling them together for their task.

Greek αὐτοί τε ὀκνήσει οὐδεμιᾷ ἐκ τῶν στρωμάτων ἐξανιστάμενοι ἐπὶ τὴν ἠϊόνα βαδίζουσιν, οὐ ξυνιέντες μὲν ὁποία ποτὲ ἀνάγκη αὐτοὺς ἐς τοῦτο ἐνάγει, ἀλλ’ ὅμως ἀναγκαζόμενοι.

Dewing And they with no hesitation rise from their beds and walk to the shore, not understanding what necessity leads them to do this, but compelled nevertheless.

Greek ἐνταῦθα δὲ ἀκάτους παρεσκευασμένας ὁρῶσιν ἐρήμους τὸ παράπαν ἀνθρώπων, οὐ τὰς σφετέρας μέντοι, ἀλλ’ ἑτέρας τινάς, ἐς ἃς δὴ ἐσβάντες τῶν κωπῶν ἅπτονται.

Dewing There they see skiffs in readiness with no man at all in them, not their own skiffs, however, but a different kind, in which they embark and lay hold of the oars.

Greek καὶ τῶν βάρεων αἰσθάνονται ἀχθομένων μὲν ἐπιβατῶν πλήθει, ἄχρι δὲ ἐς σανίδας τε ἄκρας καὶ τῶν κωπῶν τὴν χώραν τῷ ῥοθίῳ βεβαπτισμένων, ἀποδεουσῶν τε τοῦ ὕδατος ὅσον οὐδὲ δάκτυλον ἕνα, αὐτοὶ μέντοι οὐδένα θεῶνται, ἀλλὰ καὶ μίαν ἐρέσσοντες ὥραν ἐς τὴν Βριττίαν καταίρουσι.

Dewing And they are aware that the boats are burdened with a large number of passengers and are wet by the waves to the edge of the planks and the oarlocks, having not so much as one finger's breadth above the water; they themselves, however, see no one, but after rowing a single hour they put in at Brittia.

Greek καίτοι ταῖς ἀκάτοις ἡνίκα ταῖς αὑτῶν ἰδίαις ναυτίλλονται, οὐχ ἱστίοις χρώμενοι, ἀλλ’ ἐρέσσοντες, ἐς νύκτα τε καὶ ἡμέραν μόλις ἐνταῦθα διαπορθμεύονται. ἐς τὴν νῆσον δὲ καταπλεύσαντες ἀποφορτιζόμενοι ἀπαλλάσσονται αὐτίκα δὴ μάλα, τῶν βάρεων σφίσι κούφων γινομένων ἐκ τοῦ αἰφνιδίου κἀκ τοῦ ῥοθίου ἐπαιρομένων ἔν τε τῷ ὕδατι καταδυομένων οὐδέν τι ἄλλο, πλήν γε ὅσα ἐς τὴν τρόπιν αὐτήν.

Dewing And yet when they make the voyage in their own skiffs, not using sails but rowing, they with difficulty make this passage in a night and a day. Then when they have reached the island and have been relieved of their burden, they depart with all speed, their boats now light and rising above the waves, for they sink no further in the water than the keel itself.

Greek Καὶ αὐτοὶ μὲν ἀνθρώπων οὐδένα ὁρῶσιν οὔτε ξυμπλέοντα οὔτε ἀπαλλασσόμενον τῆς νηός, φωνῆς δὲ ἀκούειν τινὸς ἐνθένδε φασὶ τοῖς ὑποδεχομένοις ἀπαγγέλλειν δοκούσης πρὸς ὄνομα τῶν συμπεπλευκότων αὐτοῖς ἕκαστον, τά τε ἀξιώματα ἐπιλεγούσης οἷς πρώην ἐχρῶντο καὶ πατρόθεν αὐτοὺς ἀνακαλούσης.

Dewing And they, for their part, neither see any man either sitting in the boat with them or departing from the boat, but they say that they hear a kind of voice from the island which seems to make announcement to those who take the souls in charge as each name is called of the passengers who have come over with them, telling over the positions of honour which they formerly held and calling out their fathers' names with their own.

Greek ἢν δὲ καὶ γυναῖκες ξυνδιαπορθμευσάμεναι αὐτοῖς τύχωσι, τῶν ἀνδρῶν ἀποστοματίζουσι τὰ ὀνόματα οἷσπερ ξυνοικοῦσαι ἐβίων.

Dewing And if women also happen to be among those who have been ferried over, they utter the names of the men to whom they were married in life.

Greek ταῦτα μὲν οὖν οἱ τῇδε ἄνθρωποι ξυμβαίνειν φασίν. ἐγὼ δὲ ἐπὶ τὸν πρότερον λόγον ἐπάνειμι.

Dewing This, then, is what the men of this country say takes place. But I shall return to the previous narrative. The Loeb Editor's Notes: 1 Book VII.xxxiv.45. ❦ 2 Cf. Book III.xi.12. ❦ 3 Literally "a slanting, or indirect, statement." ❦ 4 Probably modern Denmark. Thayer's Note: Although what then should we make of § 20.4‑5, and in particular of "Brittia is towards the rear of Gaul, that side namely which faces the ocean, being, that is, to the north of both Spain and Britain"? Looking only at the distance of the island from the shore of the continent given in the text (200 stades, which can only be vaguely approximated to 30 km given the uncertainty in the length of Procopius' stade, see my note to B. G. I.11.2), and especially at the tale Procopius can't resist telling us with his amusing show of diffidence in 20.47, my candidate is Heligoland, which would explain its name ("Holy Island"). On the other hand, "three very numerous nations" (20.6) will hardly fit there. A great deal, however, of what else Procopius says about Brittia, including the very name of the place, sounds very much like Britain, especially the garbled account of Hadrian's or Antonine's Wall in 20.42 — it will be remembered that ancient geographers regularly twisted Scotland around by ninety degrees (see Ptolemy's map), although Procopius would then, in addition, have got his directions reversed — so that we would have a duplication of the actual island of Britain under its own name and also "Brittia". Diffidence on my part as well, then: such a tangled clump of vague and contradictory statements and Procopius not seeming ever to have visited the area make not only the identification but the very existence of Brittia problematic. ❦ 5 Procopius imagines England roughly five degrees too far to the west. ❦ 6 See Book VI.xv.4 ff. ❦ 7 The king. ❦ 8 i.e. Radigis. ❦ 9 i.e. as a dowry which she would bring to Radigis. ◂ previous next ▸ Images with borders lead to more information. The thicker the border, the more information. (Details here.) UP TO: Wars Ancient Military History Military History Home Procopius Greek & Latin Texts LacusCurtius A page or image on this site is in the public domain ONLY if its URL has a total of one *asterisk. If the URL has two **asterisks, the item is copyright someone else, and used by permission or fair use. If the URL has none the item is © Bill Thayer. See my copyright page for details and contact information. Page updated: 14 Sep 20 Accessibility