第6巻 第15章

Greek Ἡνικα Ἔρουλοι Λαγγοβαρδῶν ἡσσηθέντες τῇ μάχῃ ἐξ ἠθῶν τῶν πατρίων ἀνέστησαν, οἱ μὲν αὐτῶν, ὥσπερ μοι ἔμπροσθεν δεδιήγηται, ᾠκήσαντο ἐς τὰ ἐν Ἰλλυριοῖς χωρία, οἱ δὲ δὴ ἄλλοι Ἴστρον ποταμὸν διαβαίνειν οὐδαμῆ ἔγνωσαν, ἀλλ’ ἐς αὐτάς που τὰς ἐσχατιὰς τῆς οἰκουμένης ἱδρύσαντο·

Dewing When the Eruli, being defeated by the Lombards in the above-mentioned battle, migrated from their ancestral homes, some of them, as has been told by me above,⁠ made their home in the country of Illyricum, but the rest were averse to crossing the Ister River, but settled at the very extremity of the world;

Greek οὗτοι γοῦν πολλῶν ἐκ τοῦ βασιλείου αἵματος ἡγουμένων σφίσιν ἤμειψαν μὲν τὰ Σκλαβηνῶν ἔθνη ἐφεξῆς ἅπαντα, ἔρημον δὲ χώραν διαβάντες ἐνθένδε πολλὴν ἐς τοὺς Οὐάρνους καλουμένους ἐχώρησαν.

Dewing at any rate, these men, led by many of the royal blood, traversed all the nations of the Sclaveni one after the other, and after next crossing a large tract of barren country, they came to the Varni,⁠ as they are called.

Greek μεθ’ οὓς δὴ καὶ Δανῶν τὰ ἔθνη παρέδραμον οὐ βιαζομένων σφᾶς τῶν τῇδε βαρβάρων.

Dewing After these they passed by the nations of the Dani,⁠ without suffering violence at the hands of the barbarians there.

Greek ἐνθένδε τε ἐς ὠκεανὸν ἀφικόμενοι ἐναυτίλλοντο, Θούλῃ τε προσχόντες τῇ νήσῳ αὐτοῦ ἔμειναν. Ἔστι δὲ ἡ Θούλη μεγίστη ἐς ἄγαν· Βρεττανίας γὰρ αὐτὴν πλέον ἢ δεκαπλασίαν ξυμβαίνει εἶναι.

Dewing Coming thence to the ocean, they took to the sea, and putting in at Thule,⁠ remained there on the island. Now Thule is exceedingly large; for it is more than ten times greater than Britain.

Greek κεῖται δὲ αὐτῆς πολλῷ ἄποθεν πρὸς βορρᾶν ἄνεμον. ἐν ταύτῃ τῇ νήσῳ γῆ μὲν ἔρημος ἐκ τοῦ ἐπὶ πλεῖστον τυγχάνει οὖσα, ἐν χώρᾳ δὲ τῇ οἰκουμένῃ ἔθνη τριακαίδεκα πολυανθρωπότατα ἵδρυται· βασιλεῖς τέ εἰσι κατὰ ἔθνος ἕκαστον.

Dewing And it lies far distant from it toward the north. On this island the land is for the most part barren, but in the inhabited country thirteen very numerous nations are settled; and there are kings over each nation.

Greek ἐνταῦθα γίνεταί τι ἀνὰ πᾶν ἔτος θαυμάσιον οἷον. ὁ γὰρ ἥλιος ἀμφὶ θερινὰς μὲν τροπὰς μάλιστα ἐς ἡμέρας τεσσαράκοντα οὐδαμῆ δύει, ἀλλὰ διηνεκῶς πάντα τοῦτον τὸν χρόνον ὑπὲρ γῆς φαίνεται.

Dewing In that place a very wonderful thing takes place each year. For the sun at the time of the summer solstice never sets for forty days, but appears constantly during this whole time above the earth.

Greek μησὶ δὲ οὐχ ἧσσον ἢ ἓξ ὕστερον ἀμφὶ τὰς χειμερινάς που τροπὰς ἥλιος μὲν ἐς ἡμέρας τεσσαράκοντα τῆς νήσου ταύτης οὐδαμῆ φαίνεται, νὺξ δὲ αὐτῆς ἀπέραντος κατακέχυται· κατήφειά τε ἀπ’ αὐτοῦ ἔχει πάντα τοῦτον τὸν χρόνον τοὺς τῇδε ἀνθρώπους, ἐπεὶ ἀλλήλοις ἐπιμίγνυσθαι μεταξὺ οὐδεμιᾷ μηχανῇ ἔχουσιν.

Dewing But not less than six months later, at about the time of the winter solstice, the sun is never seen on this island for forty days, but never-ending night envelops it; and as a result of this dejection holds the people there during this whole time, because they are unable by any means to mingle with one another during this interval.

Greek ἐμοὶ μὲν οὖν ἐς ταύτην ἰέναι τὴν νῆσον τῶν τε εἰρημένων αὐτόπτῃ γενέσθαι, καίπερ γλιχομένῳ, τρόπῳ οὐδενὶ ξυνηνέχθη.

Dewing And although I was eager to go to this island and become an eye-witness of the things I have told, no opportunity ever presented itself.

Greek τῶν μέντοι ἐς ἡμᾶς ἐνθένδε ἀφικομένων ἐπυνθανόμην ὅπη ποτὲ οἷοί τέ εἰσι τῶν ἡμερῶν λογίζεσθαι τὸ μέτρον οὔτε ἀνίσχοντος οὔτε δύοντος τοῖς καθήκουσι χρόνοις ἐνταῦθα ἡλίου. οἵπερ ἐμοὶ λόγον ἀληθῆ τε καὶ πιστὸν ἔφρασαν.

Dewing However, I made enquiry from those who come to us from the island as to how in the world they are able to reckon the length of the days, since the sun never rises nor sets there at the appointed times. And they gave me an account which is true and trustworthy.

Greek τὸν γὰρ ἥλιόν φασι τὰς τεσσαράκοντα ἡμέρας ἐκείνας οὐ δύειν μέν, ὥσπερ εἴρηται, φαίνεσθαι δὲ τοῖς ταύτῃ ἀνθρώποις πὴ μὲν πρὸς ἕω, πὴ δὲ πρὸς ἑσπέραν.

Dewing For they said that the sun during those forty days does not indeed set just as has been stated, but is visible to the people there at one time toward the east, and again toward the west.

Greek ἐπειδὰν οὖν ἐπανιὼν αὖθις ἀμφὶ τὸν ὁρίζοντά τε γινόμενος ἐς τὸν αὐτὸν ἀφίκηται χῶρον, οὗπερ αὐτὸν ἀνίσχοντα τὰ πρότερα ἑώρων, ἡμέραν οὕτω καὶ νύκτα μίαν παρῳχηκέναι διαριθμοῦνται.

Dewing Whenever, therefore, on its return, it reaches the same place on the horizon where they had previously been accustomed to see it rise, they reckon in this way that one day and night have passed.

Greek καὶ ἡνίκα μέντοι ὁ τῶν νυκτῶν χρόνος ἀφίκηται, τῆς τε σελήνης τῶν τε ἄστρων ἀεὶ τοῖς δρόμοις τεκμηριούμενοι τὸ τῶν ἡμερῶν λογίζονται μέτρον.

Dewing When, however, the time of the nights arrives, they always take note of the courses of the moon and stars and thus reckon the measure of the days.

Greek ὁπηνίκα δὲ πέντε καὶ τριάκοντα ἡμερῶν χρόνος τῇ μακρᾷ ταύτῃ διαδράμοι νυκτί, στέλλονταί τινες ἐς τῶν ὀρῶν τὰς ὑπερβολάς, εἰθισμένον αὐτοῖς τοῦτό γε, τόν τε ἥλιον ἀμηγέπη ἐνθένδε ὁρῶντες ἀπαγγέλλουσι τοῖς κάτω ἀνθρώποις, ὅτι δὴ πέντε ἡμερῶν ἥλιος αὐτοὺς καταλάμψοι.

Dewing And when a time amounting to thirty-five days has passed in this long night, certain men are sent to the summits of the mountains — for this is the custom among them — and when they are able from that point barely to see the sun, they bring back word to the people below that within five days the sun will shine upon them.

Greek οἱ δὲ πανδημεὶ πανηγυρίζουσιν εὐαγγέλια καὶ ταῦτα ἐν σκότῳ. αὕτη τε Θουλίταις ἡ μεγίστη τῶν ἑορτῶν ἐστι·

Dewing And the whole population celebrates a festival at the good news, and that too in the darkness. And this is the greatest festival which the natives of Thule have;

Greek δοκοῦσι γάρ μοι περιδεεῖς ἀεὶ γίνεσθαι οἱ νησιῶται οὗτοι, καίπερ ταὐτὸ συμβαῖνον σφίσιν ἀνὰ πᾶν ἔτος, μή ποτε αὐτοὺς ἐπιλείποι τὸ παράπαν ὁ ἥλιος.

Dewing for, I imagine, these islanders always become terrified, although they see the same thing happen every year, fearing that the sun may at some time fail them entirely.

Greek Τῶν δὲ ἱδρυμένων ἐν Θούλῃ βαρβάρων ἓν μόνον ἔθνος, οἳ Σκριθίφινοι ἐπικαλοῦνται, θηριώδη τινὰ βιοτὴν ἔχουσιν. οὔτε γὰρ ἱμάτια ἐνδιδύσκονται οὔτε ὑποδεδεμένοι βαδίζουσιν οὔτε οἶνον πίνουσιν οὔτε τι ἐδώδιμον ἐκ τῆς γῆς ἔχουσιν.

Dewing But among the barbarians who are settled in Thule, one nation only, who are called the Scrithiphini, live a kind of life akin to that of the beasts. For they neither wear garments of cloth nor do they walk with shoes on their feet, nor do they drink wine nor derive anything edible from the earth.

Greek οὔτε γὰρ αὐτοὶ γῆν γεωργοῦσιν οὔτε τι αὐτοῖς αἱ γυναῖκες ἐργάζονται, ἀλλὰ ἄνδρες ἀεὶ ξὺν ταῖς γυναιξὶ τὴν θήραν μόνην ἐπιτηδεύουσι.

Dewing For they neither till the land themselves, nor do their women work it for them, but the women regularly join the men in hunting, which is their only pursuit.

Greek θηρίων τε γὰρ καὶ ἄλλων ζῴων μέγα τι χρῆμα αἵ τε ὗλαι αὐτοῖς φέρουσι, μεγάλαι ὑπερφυῶς οὖσαι, καὶ τὰ ὄρη ἃ ταύτῃ ἀνέχει.

Dewing For the forests, which are exceedingly large, produce for them a great abundance of wild beasts and other animals, as do also the mountains which rise there.

Greek καὶ κρέασι μὲν θηρίων ἀεὶ τῶν ἁλισκομένων σιτίζονται, τὰ δέρματα δὲ ἀμφιέννυνται, ἐπεί τε αὐτοῖς οὔτε λίνον οὔτε ὄργανον ὅτῳ ῥάπτοιέν ἐστιν, οἱ δὲ τῶν θηρίων τοῖς νεύροις τὰ δέρματα ἐς ἄλληλα ταῦτα ξυνδέοντες οὕτω δὴ ἐς τὸ σῶμα ὅλον ἀμπίσχονται.

Dewing And they feed exclusively upon the flesh of the wild beasts slain by them, and clothe themselves in their skins, and since they have neither flax nor any implement with which to sew, they fasten these skins together by the sinews of the animals, and in this way manage to cover the whole body.

Greek οὐ μὴν οὐδὲ τὰ βρέφη αὐτοῖς κατὰ ταὐτὰ τιθηνοῦνται τοῖς ἄλλοις ἀνθρώποις.

Dewing And indeed not even their infants are nursed in the same way as among the rest of mankind.

Greek οὐ γὰρ σιτίζονται Σκριθιφίνων παιδία γυναικῶν γάλακτι οὐδὲ μητέρων ἅπτονται τιτθοῦ, ἀλλὰ ζῴων τῶν ἁλισκομένων τοῖς μυελοῖς ἐκτρέφονται μόνοις.

Dewing For the children of the Scrithiphini do not feed upon the milk of women nor do they touch their mother's breast, but they are nourished upon the marrow of the animals killed in the hunt, and upon this alone.

Greek ἐπειδὰν οὖν γυνὴ τάχιστα τέκοι, δέρματι τὸ βρέφος ἐμβαλομένη κρεμᾷ μὲν εὐθὺς ἐπὶ δένδρου τινός, μυελὸν δέ οἱ ἐπὶ τοῦ στόματος ἐνθεμένη ξὺν τῷ ἀνδρὶ ἐπὶ τὴν εἰωθυῖαν στέλλεται θήραν. ἐπὶ κοινῇ γὰρ τά τε ἄλλα δρῶσι καὶ τὸ ἐπιτήδευμα μετίασι τοῦτο.

Dewing Now as soon as a woman gives birth to a child, she throws it into a skin and straightway hangs it to a tree, and after putting marrow into its mouth she immediately sets out with her husband for the customary hunt. For they do everything in common and likewise engage in this pursuit together. So much for the daily life of these barbarians.

Greek τούτοις μὲν οὖν δὴ τοῖς βαρβάροις τὰ ἐς τὴν δίαιταν ταύτῃ πη ἔχει. Οἱ μέντοι ἄλλοι Θουλῖται ὡς εἰπεῖν ἅπαντες οὐδέν τι μέγα διαλλάσσουσι τῶν ἄλλων ἀνθρώπων, θεοὺς μέντοι καὶ δαίμονας πολλοὺς σέβουσιν, οὐρανίους τε καὶ ἀερίους, ἐγγείους τε καὶ θαλασσίους, καὶ ἄλλα ἄττα δαιμόνια ἐν ὕδασι πηγῶν τε καὶ ποταμῶν εἶναι λεγόμενα.

Dewing But all the other inhabitants of Thule, practically speaking, do not differ very much from the rest of men, but they reverence in great numbers gods and demons both of the heavens and of the air, of the earth and of the sea, and sundry other demons which are said to be in the waters of springs and rivers.

Greek θύουσι δὲ ἐνδελεχέστατα ἱερεῖα πάντα καὶ ἐναγίζουσι, τῶν δὲ ἱερείων σφίσι τὸ κάλλιστον ἄνθρωπός ἐστιν ὅνπερ δορυάλωτον ποιήσαιντο πρῶτον·

Dewing And they incessantly offer up all kinds of sacrifices, and make oblations to the dead, but the noblest of sacrifices, in their eyes, is the first human being whom they have taken captive in war;

Greek τοῦτον γὰρ τῷ Ἄρει θύουσιν, ἐπεὶ θεὸν αὐτὸν νομίζουσι μέγιστον εἶναι. ἱερεύονται δὲ τὸν αἰχμάλωτον οὐ θύοντες μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἀπὸ ξύλου κρεμῶντες, καὶ ἐς τὰς ἀκάνθας ῥιπτοῦντες, ταῖς ἄλλαις τε κτείνοντες θανάτου ἰδέαις οἰκτίσταις.

Dewing for they sacrifice him to Ares, whom they regard as the greatest god. And the manner in which they offer up the captive is not by sacrifi­cing him on an altar only, but also by hanging him to a tree, or throwing him among thorns, or killing him by some of the other most cruel forms of death.

Greek οὕτω μὲν Θουλῖται βιοῦσιν. ὦν ἔθνος ἓν πολυάνθρωπον οἱ Γαυτοί εἰσι, παρ’ οὓς δὴ Ἐρούλων τότε οἱ ἐπηλύται ἱδρύσαντο.

Dewing Thus, then, do the inhabitants of Thule live. And one of their most numerous nations is the Gauti, and it was next to them that the incoming Eruli settled at the time in question.

Greek Νῦν δὲ Ἔρουλοι οἳ δὴ παρὰ Ῥωμαίοις ᾤκηνται, φόνου σφίσι τοῦ βασιλέως ἐξειργασμένου, ἔπεμψαν τῶν λογίμων τινὰς ἐς Θούλην τὴν νῆσον, τοὺς διερευνησομένους τε καὶ κομιοῦντας, ἤν τινα ἐνταῦθα εὑρεῖν αἵματος τοῦ βασιλείου οἷοί τε ὦσιν.

Dewing On the present occasion,⁠ therefore, the Eruli who dwelt among the Romans, after the murder of their king had been perpetrated by them, sent some of their notables to the island of Thule to search out and bring back whomsoever they were able to find there of the royal blood.

Greek ἐπεί τε οἱ ἄνδρες οὗτοι ἐν τῇ νήσῳ ἐγένοντο, πολλοὺς μὲν ἐνταῦθα γένους τοῦ βασιλείου εὗρον, ἕνα μέντοι ἀπολέξαντες ὅσπερ αὐτοῖς μάλιστα ἤρεσκεν, ὀπίσω ἀναστρέφοντες ξὺν αὐτῷ ᾔεσαν.

Dewing And when these men reached the island, they found many there of the royal blood, but they selected the one man who pleased them most and set out with him on the return journey.

Greek ὃς δὴ ἐπεὶ ἐν Δανοῖς ἐγένετο, τελευτᾷ νόσῳ. διὸ δὴ αὖθις οἱ ἄνδρες οὗτοι ἐν τῇ νήσῳ γενόμενοι ἕτερον ἐπηγάγοντο Δάτιον ὄνομα. ᾧ δὴ ὅ τε ἀδελφὸς Ἄορδος εἵπετο καὶ τῶν ἐν Θούλῃ Ἐρούλων νεανίαι διακόσιοι.

Dewing But this man fell sick and died when he had come to the country of the Dani. These men therefore went a second time to the island and secured another man, Datius by name. And he was followed by his brother Aordus and two hundred youths of the Eruli in Thule.

Greek χρόνου δὲ αὐτοῖς ἐν τῇ πορείᾳ ταύτῃ τριβέντος συχνοῦ Ἐρούλοις τοῖς ἀμφὶ Σιγγιδόνον ἔννοια γέγονεν ὡς οὐ τὰ ξύμφορα σφίσιν αὐτοῖς ποιοῖεν ἐκ Θούλης ἀρχηγὸν ἐπαγόμενοι Ἰουστινιανοῦ βασιλέως οὔτι ἐθελουσίου.

Dewing But since much time passed while they were absent on this journey, it occurred to the Eruli in the neighbourhood of Singidunum that they were not consulting their own interests in importing a leader from Thule against the wishes of the Emperor Justinian.

Greek πέμψαντες οὖν ἐς Βυζάντιον βασιλέως ἐδέοντο ἄρχοντα σφίσι πέμψαι, ὃν ἂν αὐτῷ βουλομένῳ εἴη.

Dewing They therefore sent envoys to Byzantium, begging the emperor to send them a ruler of his own choice.

Greek ὁ δὲ αὐτοῖς τῶν τινα Ἐρούλων ἐκ παλαιοῦ διατριβὴν ἐνταῦθα ἔχοντα εὐθὺς ἔπεμψε, Σουαρτούαν ὄνομα.

Dewing And he straightway sent them one of the Eruli who had long been sojourning in Byzantium, Suartuas by name.

Greek ὅνπερ Ἔρουλοι εἶδον μὲν τὰ πρῶτα καὶ προσεκύνησαν ἄσμενοι ἐπιστέλλοντί τε τὰ εἰωθότα ἐπήκουον· ἡμέραις δὲ οὐ πολλαῖς ὕστερον ἧκέ τις ἀγγέλλων τοὺς ἐκ Θούλης νήσου ἄγχιστά πη εἶναι.

Dewing At first the Eruli welcomed him and did obeisance to him and rendered the customary obedience to his commands; but not many days later a messenger arrived with the tidings that the men from the island of Thule were near at hand.

Greek καὶ Σουαρτούας μὲν ὡς ἀπολέσων αὐτοὺς ὑπαντιάζειν ἐκέλευεν, Ἔρουλοι δὲ τὸ βούλευμα ἐπαινέσαντες εὐθὺς εἵποντο.

Dewing And Suartuas commanded them to go out to meet those men, his intention being to destroy them, and the Eruli, approving his purpose, immediately went with him.

Greek ἐπεὶ δὲ ἡμέρας ὁδῷ ἀλλήλων διεῖχον, νύκτωρ μὲν ἀφέντες αὐτὸν ἅπαντες ἐς τοὺς ἐπηλύτας αὐτόμολοι ἦλθον, αὐτὸς δὲ μόνος ἐς Βυζάντιον ἀποδρὰς ᾤχετο.

Dewing But when the two forces were one day's journey distant from each other, the king's men all abandoned him at night and went over of their own accord to the newcomers, while he himself took to flight and set out unattended for Byzantium.

Greek καὶ βασιλεὺς μὲν πάσῃ δυνάμει κατάγειν ἐς τὴν ἀρχὴν αὐτὸν ἐν σπουδῇ ἐποιεῖτο, Ἔρουλοι δὲ δύναμιν τῶν Ῥωμαίων δειμαίνοντες Γήπαισι προσχωρεῖν ἔγνωσαν. αὔτη μὲν Ἐρούλοις αἰτία τῆς ἀποστάσεως γέγονε.

Dewing Thereupon the emperor earnestly undertook with all his power to restore him to his office, and the Eruli, fearing the power of the Romans, decided to submit themselves to the Gepaedes. This, then, was the cause of the revolt of the Eruli. The Loeb Editor's Notes: 1 Cf. Book V.xvi.1 ff. ❦ 2 Book V.xix.13. ❦ 3 The Aqua Virgo. ❦ 4 Book V.xix.18. ❦ 5 Modern Osimo. ❦ 6 Modern Urbino. ❦ 7 Modern Rimini. ❦ 8 Cf. Book V.xi.27. ❦ 9 Chap. vii.25. ❦ 10 Modern Chiusi. ❦ 11 Urbs Vetus, modern Orvieto. Thayer's Note: The Greek dative Οὐρβιβεντῷ would be better rendered as Urbiventus — Greek β was used to transcribe both b and v — or more idiomatically, the commonly seen Urbiventum, in which, as with other Greek renderings of placenames in Italy, the accusative comes over time to be seen as the nominative (see my note on Beneventum). ❦ 12 Tuder or Tudertum, modern Todi. ❦ 13 Modern Montefeltro. ❦ 14 i.e. the force which John had when he had set out on his raid of Picenum (cf. Chap. x. 1) and with which he was now holding Ariminum. ❦ 15 Book V.xxix.3. Thayer's Note: An inexplicable slip. The passage is V.16.3‑4. ❦ 16 The tunnel was made by the Emperor Vespasian, 76 A.D.. This gate was at the southern end. ❦ 17 i.e. northern. ❦ 18 The upper, or southern, gate. ❦ 19 Cf. Chap. vii.26. ❦ 20 Cf. Chap. vii.35. ❦ 21 Modern Pavia. ❦ 22 Modern Bergamo, Como, and Novara. ❦ 23 He was an Armenian of Persia; see Book I.xv.31. ❦ 24 Book I.xv.31. ❦ 25 Cf. Book IV.iv.30. ❦ 26 Modern Danube. ❦ 27 Cf. Book III.ii.2-6, VII.xxiv.10. ❦ 28 Book VII.xxxiv.42. ❦ 29 This has not been stated before by Procopius. ❦ 30 Or Varini, a tribe living on the coast near the mouth of the Rhine. ❦ 31 A group of tribes inhabiting the Danish Peninsula. ❦ 32 Probably Iceland or the northern portion of the Scandinavian peninsula, which was then regarded as an island and called "Scanza." The name of Thule was familiar from earlier times. It was described by the navigator Pytheas in the age of Alexander the Great, and he claimed to have visited the island. It was variously placed, but always considered the northernmost land in the world — "ultima Thule." ❦ 33 Cf. Chap. xiv.42. ❦ 34 Chap. xiv.37 introduces this topic. Thayer's Notes: a Properly, Petra Pertusa, "the pierced rock": the site in the gorge of Furlo where in order to drive the Via Flaminia thru towards the Adriatic it became necessary to cut a tunnel thru solid rock. The job was done under Vespasian, and the Roman tunnel, a tremendous undertaking for its time, still exists. See Hodgkin, Italy and Her Invaders, V.262 ff. ❦ b The Via Flaminia, that great Roman highway from Rome to Ariminum, splits into two branches not long after it passes thru Narnia; Spoletium is on the eastern branch. Perusia was not on the Flaminia at all, nor anywhere near it. But in fact Procopius does not say it was; this is translator error. ❦ c The straight-line distance from Ancona to Osimo, the ancient Auximum (measured from the Roman amphitheater of Ancona to Osimo's town hall, taken as approximations to the center of each city respectively) is 10.5 Roman miles, making Procopius' stadion here roughly 7.6 to the mile, in line with the equivalence found in other ancient authors. ◂ previous next ▸ Images with borders lead to more information. The thicker the border, the more information. (Details here.) UP TO: Gothic Wars Ancient Military History Military History Home Procopius Greek & Latin Texts LacusCurtius A page or image on this site is in the public domain ONLY if its URL has a total of one *asterisk. If the URL has two **asterisks, the item is copyright someone else, and used by permission or fair use. If the URL has none the item is © Bill Thayer. See my copyright page for details and contact information. Page updated: 14 Sep 20 Accessibility