第5巻 第19章

Greek Τῇ δὲ ἐπιγενομένῃ ἡμέρᾳ Γότθοι μὲν Ῥώμην πολιορκίᾳ ἑλεῖν διὰ μέγεθος τῆς πόλεως οὐδενὶ πόνῳ οἰόμενοι, Ῥωμαῖοι δὲ αὐτῆς ἀμυνόμενοι ἐτάξαντο ὧδε. ἔχει μὲν τῆς πόλεως ὁ περίβολος δὶς ἑπτὰ πύλας καὶ πυλίδας τινάς.

Dewing But on the following day they arrayed themselves for the struggle, the Goths thinking to capture Rome by siege without any trouble on account of the great size of the city, and the Romans defending it. Now the wall of the city has fourteen large gates and several smaller ones.

Greek Γότθοι δὲ οὐχ οἷοί τε ὄντες ὅλῳ τῷ στρατοπέδῳ τὸ τεῖχος περιλαβέσθαι κύκλῳ, ἓξ ποιησάμενοι χαρακώματα πέντε πυλῶν χῶρον ἠνώχλουν, ἐκ τῆς Φλαμινίας ἄχρι ἐς τὴν καλουμένην Πραινεστίναν· ταῦτά τε αὐτοῖς τὰ χαρακώματα ξύμπαντα ἐντὸς Τιβέριδος τοῦ ποταμοῦ ἐπεποίητο.

Dewing And the Goths, being unable with their entire army to envelop the wall on every side, made six fortified camps from which they harassed the portion of the wall containing five gates, from the Flaminian as far as the one called the Praenestine Gate; and all these camps were made by them on the left bank of the Tiber River.

Greek δείσαντες οὖν οἱ βάρβαροι μὴ τὴν γέφυραν διαφθείραντες οἱ πολέμιοι, ἣ Μολιβίου ἐπώνυμός ἐστιν, ἄβατα σφίσι ποιήσωνται ἅπαντα ὅσα ἐκτὸς τοῦ ποταμοῦ ἐστι διήκοντα μέχρι ἐς θάλασσαν, καὶ ἀπ’ αὐτοῦ αἴσθησιν τῶν ἐν πολιορκίᾳ κακῶν ἥκιστα ἔχοιεν, χαράκωμα ἕβδομον Τιβέριδος ἐκτὸς ἐν Νέρωνος πεδίοις ἐπήξαντο, ὅπως σφίσιν ἡ γέφυρα τῶν στρατοπέδων ἐν μέσῳ εἴη.

Dewing Wherefore the barbarians feared lest their enemy, by destroying the bridge which bears the name of Mulvius, should render inaccessible to them all the land on the right bank of the river as far as the sea, and in this way have not the slightest experience of the evils of a siege, and so they fixed a seventh camp across the Tiber in the Plain of Nero, in order that the bridge might be between their two armies.

Greek διὸ δὴ ἄλλας δύο τῆς πόλεως πύλας ἐνοχλεῖσθαι πρὸς τῶν πολεμίων ξυνέβαινε, τήν τε Αὐρηλίαν ʽἣ νῦν Πέτρου τοῦ τῶν Χριστοῦ ἀποστόλων κορυφαίου ἅτε που πλησίον κειμένου ἐπώνυμός ἐστἰ καὶ τὴν ὑπὲρ ποταμὸν Τίβεριν.

Dewing So in this way two other gates came to be exposed to the attacks of the enemy, the Aurelian⁠ (which is now named after Peter, the chief of the Apostles of Christ, since he lies not far from there)⁠ and the Transtiburtine Gate.⁠

Greek οὕτω τε Γότθοι τῷ μὲν στρατοπέδῳ τὴν ἡμίσειαν μάλιστα περιεβάλλοντο τοῦ τείχους μοῖραν, ἅτε δὲ τῷ ποταμῷ οὐδαμῆ τὸ παράπαν εἰργόμενοι, ἐς ἅπαντα τὸν περίβολον κύκλῳ, ἡνίκα ἐβούλοντο, τῷ πολέμῳ ᾔεσαν.

Dewing Thus the Goths surrounded only about one‑half of the wall with their army, but since they were in no direction wholly shut off from the wall by the river, they made attacks upon it throughout its whole extent whenever they wished.

Greek Ὅντινα δὲ τρόπον Ῥωμαῖοι τοῦ ποταμοῦ ἐφ’ ἑκάτερα τὸ τῆς πόλεως τεῖχος ἐδείμαντο ἐρῶν ἔρχομαι. πάλαι μὲν ὁ Τίβερις παραρρέων ἐπὶ πλεῖστον τοῦ περιβόλου ἐφέρετο τῇδε.

Dewing Now the way the Romans came to build the city-wall on both sides of the river I shall now proceed to tell. In ancient times the Tiber used to flow alongside the circuit-wall for a considerable distance, even at the place where it is now enclosed.

Greek ὁ δὲ χῶρος οὗτος, ἐφ’ οὗ ὁ περίβολος κατὰ τὸν ῥοῦν τοῦ ποταμοῦ ἀνέχει, ὕπτιός τε καὶ λίαν εὐέφοδός ἐστι.

Dewing But this ground, on which the wall rises along the stream of the river, is flat and very accessible.

Greek τούτου τε ἀντικρὺ τοῦ χώρου, ἐκτὸς τοῦ Τιβέριδος, λόφον τινὰ μέγαν ξυμβαίνει εἶναι, ἔνθα δὴ οἱ τῆς πόλεως μύλωνες ἐκ παλαιοῦ πάντες πεποίηνται, ἅτε ὕδατος ἐνταῦθα πολλοῦ διὰ μὲν ὀχετοῦ ἀγομένου ἐς τὴν τοῦ λόφου ὑπερβολήν, ἐς τὸ κάταντες δὲ ξὺν ῥύμῃ μεγάλῃ ἐνθένδε ἰόντος.

Dewing And opposite this flat ground, across the Tiber, it happens that there is a great hill⁠ where all the mills of the city have been built from of old, because much water is brought by an aqueduct to the crest of the hill, and rushes thence down the incline with great force.

Greek διὸ δὴ οἱ πάλαι Ῥωμαῖοι τόν τε λόφον καὶ τὴν κατ’ αὐτὸν τοῦ ποταμοῦ ὄχθην τείχει περιβαλεῖν ἔγνωσαν, ὡς μήποτε τοῖς πολεμίοις δυνατὰ εἴη τούς τε μύλωνας διαφθεῖραι καὶ τὸν ποταμὸν διαβᾶσιν εὐπετῶς τῷ τῆς πόλεως περιβόλῳ ἐπιβουλεύειν.

Dewing For this reason the ancient Romans⁠ determined to surround the hill and the river bank near it with a wall, so that it might never be possible for an enemy to destroy the mills, and crossing the river, to carry on operations with ease against the circuit-wall of the city.

Greek ζεύξαντες οὖν ταύτῃ τὸν ποταμὸν γεφύρᾳ, ξυνάπτειν τε τὸ τεῖχος ἔδοξαν καὶ οἰκίας συχνὰς ἐν χωρίῳ τῷ ἀντιπέρας δειμάμενοι μέσον τῆς πόλεως τὸ τοῦ Τιβέριδος πεποίηνται ῥεῦμα. ταῦτα μὲν δὴ ὧδέ πη ἔσχε.

Dewing So they decided to span the river at this point with a bridge, and to attach it to the wall; and by building many houses in the district across the river they caused the stream of the Tiber to be in the middle of the city. So much then for this.

Greek Γότθοι δὲ τάφρους τε βαθείας ἀμφὶ τὰ χαρακώματα ξύμπαντα ὤρυξαν, καὶ τὸν χοῦν ὃν ἐνθένδε ἀφείλοντο ξυννήσαντες ὑπὲρ τοίχου τοῦ ἔνδον, ὑψηλόν τε αὐτὸν ὡς μάλιστα ποιησάμενοι καὶ σκολόπων ὀξέων καθύπερθεν πάμπολύ τι χρῆμα πηξάμενοι, οὐδέν τι καταδεέστερον τῶν ἐν τοῖς φρουρίοις ὀχυρωμάτων τὰ στρατόπεδα πάντα εἰργάσαντο.

Dewing And the Goths dug deep trenches about all their camps, and heaped up the earth, which they took out from them, on the inner side of the trenches, making this bank exceedingly high, and they planted great numbers of sharp stakes on the top, thus making all their camps in no way inferior to fortified strongholds.

Greek καὶ χαρακώματος μὲν τοῦ ἐν Νέρωνος πεδίῳ Μαρκίας ἦρχεν ʽἤδη γὰρ ἐκ Γαλλιῶν ξὺν τοῖς ἑπομένοις ἀφῖκτο, ξὺν οἷς ἐνταῦθα ἐστρατοπέδευσἐ, τῶν δὲ δὴ ἄλλων Οὐίττιγις ἡγεῖτο ἕκτος αὐτός· ἄρχων γὰρ ἦν εἷς κατὰ χαράκωμα ἕκαστον.

Dewing And the camp in the Plain of Nero was commanded by Marcias (for he had by now arrived from Gaul with his followers, with whom he was encamped there), and the rest of the camps were commanded by Vittigis with five others; for there was one commander for each camp.

Greek Γότθοι μὲν οὖν οὕτω ταξάμενοι διεῖλον τοὺς ὀχετοὺς ἅπαντας, ὅπως δὴ ὕδωρ ὡς ἥκιστα ἐς τὴν πόλιν ἐνθένδε εἰσίοι. Ῥώμης δὲ ὀχετοὶ τεσσαρεσκαίδεκα μὲν τὸ πλῆθός εἰσιν, ἐκ πλίνθου δὲ ὠπτημένης τοῖς πάλαι ἀνθρώποις πεποίηνται, ἐς τοσοῦτον εὔρους καὶ βάθους διήκοντες ὥστε ἀνθρώπῳ ἵππῳ ὀχουμένῳ ἐνταῦθα ἱππεύειν δυνατὰ εἶναι.

Dewing So the Goths, having taken their positions in this way, tore open all the aqueducts, so that no water at all might enter the city from them. Now the aqueducts of Rome are fourteen in number, and were made of baked brick by the men of old, being of such breadth and height that it is possible for a man on horseback to ride in them.⁠

Greek Βελισάριος δὲ τὰ ἐς τὴν φυλακὴν τῆς πόλεως διεκόσμει ὧδε. πυλίδα μὲν αὐτὸς τὴν Πιγκιανὴν καὶ πύλην τὴν ταύτης ἐν δεξιᾷ εἶχεν,

Dewing And Belisarius arranged for the defence of the city in the following manner. He himself held the small Pincian Gate and the gate next to this on the right, which is named the Salarian.

Greek ἣ Σαλαρία ὠνόμασται. κατὰ ταύτας γὰρ ἐπίμαχος ἦν ὁ περίβολος, καὶ Ῥωμαίοις ἐξιτητὰ ἐπὶ τοὺς πολεμίους ὄντα ἐτύγχανε. Πραινεστίναν δὲ Βέσσᾳ ἔδωκε.

Dewing For at these gates the circuit-wall was assailable, and at the same time it was possible for the Romans to go out from them against the enemy. The Praenestine Gate he gave to Bessas.

Greek καὶ τῇ Φλαμινίᾳ, ἣ Πιγκιανῆς ἐπὶ θάτερά ἐστι, Κωνσταντῖνον ἐπέστησε, τάς τε πύλας ἐπιθεὶς πρότερον, καὶ λίθων μεγάλων οἰκοδομίᾳ ἔνδοθεν αὐτὰς ἀποφράξας ὡς μάλιστα, ὅπως δὴ αὐτὰς μηδενὶ ἀνακλίνειν δυνατὰ εἴη.

Dewing And at the Flaminian, which is on the other side of the Pincian, he put Constantinus in command, having previously closed the gates and blocked them up most securely by building a wall of great stones on the inside, so that it might be impossible for anyone to open them.

Greek τῶν γὰρ χαρακωμάτων ἑνὸς ἀγχοτάτω ὄντος ἔδεισε μή τις ἐπὶ τῇ πόλει ἐνέδρα πρὸς τῶν πολεμίων ἐνταῦθα ἔσται.

Dewing For since one of the camps was very near, he feared lest some secret plot against the city should be made there by the enemy.

Greek τὰς δὲ λειπομένας τῶν πεζικῶν καταλόγων τοὺς ἄρχοντας διαφυλάσσειν ἐκέλευε. τῶν τε ὀχετῶν ἕκαστον ὡς ἀσφαλέστατα οἰκοδομίᾳ ἐπὶ πλεῖστον κατέλαβε, μή τις ἔξωθεν κακουργήσων ἐνταῦθα ἴοι.

Dewing And the remaining gates he ordered the commanders of the infantry forces to keep under guard. And he closed each of the aqueducts as securely as possible by filling their channels with masonry for a considerable distance, to prevent anyone from entering through them from the outside to do mischief.

Greek Ἐπεὶ δὲ τῶν ὀχετῶν, καθάπερ μοι εἴρηται, διαιρεθέντων οὐκέτι τὰς μύλας τὸ ὕδωρ ἐνήργει, ζῴοις τέ τισιν ἐργάζεσθαι αὐτὰς οὐδαμῆ εἶχον, τροφῆς ἁπάσης ἅτε ἐν πολιορκίᾳ σπανίζοντες; οἵ γε καὶ ἵππων μόλις τῶν σφίσιν ἀναγκαίων ἐδύναντο ἐπιμελεῖσθαι, Βελισάριος ἐξεῦρε τόδε.

Dewing But after the aqueducts had been broken open, as I have stated, the water no longer worked the mills, and the Romans were quite unable to operate them with any kind of animals owing to the scarcity of all food in time of siege; indeed they were scarcely able to provide for the horses which were indispensable to them. And so Belisarius hit upon the following device.

Greek ἔμπροσθεν τῆς γεφύρας ἧς ἄρτι πρὸς τῷ περιβόλῳ οὔσης ἐμνήσθην, σχοίνους ἀρτήσας ἐξ ἑκατέρας τοῦ ποταμοῦ ὄχθης ὡς ἄριστα ἐντεταμένας, ταύταις τε λέμβους δύο παρ’ ἀλλήλους ξυνδήσας, πόδας δύο ἀπ’ ἀλλήλων διέχοντας, ᾗ μάλιστα ἡ τῶν ὑδάτων ἐπιρροὴ ἐκ τοῦ τῆς γεφύρας κυρτώματος ἀκμάζουσα κατῄει, μύλας τε δύο ἐν λέμβῳ ἑκατέρῳ ἐνθέμενος ἐς τὸ μεταξὺ τὴν μηχανὴν ἀπεκρέμασεν ἣ τὰς μύλας στρέφειν εἰώθει.

Dewing Just below the bridge⁠ which I lately mentioned as being connected with the circuit-wall, he fastened ropes from the two banks of the river and stretched them as tight as he could, and then attached to them two boats side by side and two feet apart, where the flow of the water comes down from the arch of the bridge with the greatest force, and pla­cing two mills on either boat, he hung between them the mechanism by which mills are customarily turned.

Greek ἐπέκεινα δὲ ἄλλας τε ἀκάτους ἐχομένας τῶν ἀεὶ ὄπισθεν κατὰ λόγον ἐδέσμευε, καὶ τὰς μηχανὰς τρόπῳ τῷ αὐτῷ ἐπὶ πλεῖστον ἐνέβαλε.

Dewing And below these he fastened other boats, each attached to the one next behind in order, and he set the water-wheels between them in the same manner for a great distance.

Greek προϊούσης οὖν τῆς τοῦ ὕδατος ῥύμης αἱ μηχαναὶ ἐφεξῆς ἅπασαι ἐφ’ ἑαυτὰς καλινδούμεναι ἐνήργουν τε τὰς κατ’ αὐτὰς μύλας καὶ τῇ πόλει τὰ αὐτάρκη ἤλουν. ἃ δὴ οἱ πολέμιοι πρὸς τῶν αὐτομόλων γνόντες ἀφανίζουσι τὰς μηχανὰς τρόπῳ τοιῷδε.

Dewing So by the force of the flowing water all the wheels, one after the other, were made to revolve independently, and thus they worked the mills with which they were connected and ground sufficient flour for the city. Now when the enemy learned this from the deserters, they destroyed the wheels in the following manner.

Greek δένδρα μεγάλα καὶ σώματα Ῥωμαίων νεοσφαγῆ ἐς τὸν ποταμὸν συμφοροῦντες ἐρρίπτουν.

Dewing They gathered large trees and bodies of Romans newly slain and kept throwing them in case of the river;

Greek τούτων τε τὰ πλεῖστα ξὺν τῷ ῥεύματι ἐς μέσα τὰ σκάφη φερόμενα τὴν μηχανὴν ἀπεκαύλιζε. Βελισάριος δὲ κατιδὼν τὰ ποιούμενα προσεπετεχνήσατο τάδε.

Dewing and the most of these were carried with the current between the boats and broke off the mill-wheels. But Belisarius, observing what was being done, contrived the following device against it.

Greek ἁλύσεις μακρὰς σιδηρᾶς πρὸ τῆς γεφύρας ἤρτησεν, ἐξικνουμένας ἐς Τίβεριν ὅλον. αἷς δὴ προσπίπτοντα ξύμπαντα ὅσα ὁ ποταμὸς ἔφερε, ξυνίστατό τε καὶ οὐκέτι ἐς τὰ πρόσω ἐχώρει.

Dewing He fastened above the bridge long iron chains, which reached completely across the Tiber. All the objects which the river brought down struck upon these chains, and gathered there and went no farther.

Greek ταῦτά τε ἀνέλκοντες ἀεὶ οἷς τὸ ἔργον τοῦτο ἐπέκειτο εἰς τὴν γῆν ἔφερον. ταῦτα δὲ Βελισάριος ἐποίει οὐ τοσοῦτον τῶν μυλῶν ἕνεκα ὅσον ὅτι ἐνθένδε ἐς δέος τε καὶ ἔννοιαν ἦλθε μὴ λάθωσιν ἀκάτοις πολλαῖς οἱ πολέμιοι ἐντὸς τῆς γεφύρας καὶ ἐν μέσῃ πόλει γενόμενοι.

Dewing And those to whom this work was assigned kept pulling out these objects as they came and bore them to the land. And Belisarius did this, not so much on account of the mills, as because he began to think with alarm that the enemy might get inside the bridge at this point with many boats and be in the middle of the city before their presence became known.

Greek οὕτω τε οἱ βάρβαροι τῆς πείρας, ἐπεὶ οὐδὲν σφίσι ταύτῃ προὐχώρει, ἀπέσχοντο. καὶ τὸ λοιπὸν Ῥωμαῖοι τούτοις μὲν τοῖς μύλωσιν ἐχρῶντο, τῶν δὲ βαλανείων τοῦ ὕδατος τῇ ἀπορίᾳ παντάπασιν ἀπεκέκλειντο.

Dewing Thus the barbarians abandoned the attempt, since they met with no success in it. And thereafter the Romans continued to use these mills; but they were entirely excluded from the baths because of the scarcity of water.

Greek ὕδωρ μέντοι ὅσον πιεῖν διαρκὲς εἶχον, ἐπεὶ καὶ τοῖς τοῦ ποταμοῦ ἑκαστάτω οἰκοῦσι παρῆν ἐκ φρεάτων ὑδρεύεσθαι.

Dewing However, they had sufficient water to drink, since even for those who lived very far from the river it was possible to draw water from wells.

Greek ἐς δὲ τοὺς ὑπονόμους, οἵπερ ἐκ τῆς πόλεως εἴ τι οὐ καθαρὸν ἐκβάλλουσιν ἔξω, ἀσφάλειαν ἐπινοεῖν οὐδεμίαν ἠνάγκαστο, ἐπεὶ ἐς ποταμὸν Τίβεριν τὰς ἐκβολὰς ἔχουσιν ἅπαντες, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο οὐδεμίαν οἷόν τε τῇ πόλει ἐνθένδε πρὸς τῶν πολεμίων ἐπιβουλὴν γενέσθαι.

Dewing But as for the sewers, which carry out from the city whatever is unclean, Belisarius was not forced to devise any plan of safety, for they all discharge into the Tiber River, and therefore it was impossible for any plot to be made against the city by the enemy in connection with them.